Descartes Wax Argument Essay - 1442 Words

The purpose of the wax argument is designed to provide a clear and distinct knowledge of â€Å"I†, which is the mind, while corporeal things, â€Å"whose images are framed by thought, and which the senses themselves imagine are much more distinctly known than this mysterious ‘I’ which does not fall within the imagination† (66). Through the wax argument, Descartes’ demonstrates that corporeal things are perceived neither through our senses nor imagination, but through our intellect alone. In this argument, you will see that there is cause to doubt Descartes’ analysis of the wax and his method of philosophical reasoning. Descartes makes a careful examination of what is involved in the recognition of a specific physical object, like a piece of†¦show more content†¦Despite this problem, we believe it is the same piece of wax we see, touch, or imagine. But it is not our feelings or imagination that gives us the idea. If we had evaluated these abilities, and if the wax is distorted, we would not be able to agree that it is the same wax. This study enables us to recognize that the imagination, just like sensation, does not convey the true nature of wax; rather, this difficulty indicates that only understanding, exercising its powers of conception and judgment, performs the unifying function that constitutes the self-identity of the piece of wax: â€Å"our perception of the wax is neither a seeing, nor a touching, nor an imagining†¦ but the mind alone† (68). Although the changing characteristics of the body has been transported through our senses and imagination, the identity of the matter is provided by the understanding of the wax itself. This analysis confirms Descartes’ view that â€Å"what we thought we had seen with our eyes, we actually grasped solely with the faculty of judgment, which is in our mind† (68). Therefore, any sense of the body is actually an introspection of our mind, not an external inspection. In his defense, Descartes argues that our knowledge of the wax depends only on the ideas we conceive in our mind. This creates the difficulty of reaching an agreement on the identity of the wax, and that understanding the body can vary for each individual perception. As it is evident that the substantiality ofShow MoreRelatedDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1079 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes argues for the ideas and philosophical beliefs behind skepticism. In his writings, he describes the fallibility and importance of the body of man and through extension the senses with which we observe the world. This paper will first show that within Descartes’ writings the body is an extension of the mind. Secondly, this paper will prove that the senses are a false form of understanding which leads to the deception of the mind. FinallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s Meditations On First Philosophy 1399 Wo rds   |  6 PagesEssay 1 Rene Descartes was born in in La Haye, France, in 1596 and he studied at La Fleche Jesuit College and University of Poitiers. Descartes also lived in Germany, Holland and Sweden. He then worked in the army as a private councillor and then as a court philosopher. Descartes book ‘Meditations on First Philosophy’ was first published in 1641. The edition used to write this essay was edited by John Cottingham and was published by the Cambridge University Press in 1996. Descartes was the firstRead MoreDescartes Mind and Body1480 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes’ Mind Body Dualism Rene Descartes’ main purpose is to attempt to prove that the mind that is the soul or the thinking thing is distinct and is separate from the body. This thinking thing was the core of himself, which doubts, believes, reasons, feels and thinks. Descartes considers the body to be an extended unthinking thing; therefore it is possible that one may exist without the other. This view is known as mind-body dualism. He believes that what he is thinking in his mind is what GodRead MoreEssay on Only the Mind Perceives669 Words   |  3 PagesMind Perceives Descartes overall objective in Meditations on First Philosophy is to question knowledge. To explore such issues as the existence of God and the separation of mind and body, it was important for him to distinguish what we can know as truth. He believed that reason as opposed to experience was the source for discovering what is of absolute certainty. In Meditation Two, Descartes embarks on his journey of truth. I find, in Meditation Two that Descartes has accomplished partRead MoreDescartes Argument that the Mind is Better than the Body1055 Words   |  5 Pages Descartes’ argue that mind is better known than body by first claiming humans as fundamentally rational, meaning â€Å"a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling,† ( Descartes, 19) he therefore argues that humans have the ability to know their proper minds clearly and distinctly. He proposes the conception of the mind where the imagination and the senses are also inherent cap abilities of the body (faculties), specifically powers of the mind. But in order to further clarifyRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes s The Meditations Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Wax Example and Our Ability to Perceive In the Meditations, Descartes abandons his views about everything he knows in the world. During this he discusses the idea of senses relying on the mind rather than the body. The role of senses is shown through his demonstration of the wax example and the ever changing properties the wax entailed. â€Å"The perception I have of it is a case not of vision or touch or imagination†¦but purely of mental scrutiny.† (Descartes 31) To Descartes, the senses were deceivingRead MoreMind and Body866 Words   |  3 Pageswhich is by Rene Descartes and the other by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Rationalists, in philosophical terms, are the ones who obtain their knowledge through reasoning rather than the human senses. Descartes and Leibniz both have similar perspectives, but Leibniz takes a slightly different approach to improve Descartes’ argument. This paper will first show Descartes’ original argument, an example that proves the argument to be invalid, and then lastly, a revised version of the argument with Leibniz’sRead MoreWhat Descartes Who When Arriving At The Wax Example1456 Words   |  6 PagesPhi of Mind - Paper One I- What Descartes Believes When Arriving at the Wax Example By the time Descartes arrives at the wax example, he has deduced his own existence as a thinking thing. How? Through a project of doubting, with the intention to find a securely provable truth by which to base all of his knowledge. (pp 1-6) He finds this in the existence of the self as a thinking thing: even if we assume that all external knowledge is inconsistent and untrustworthy, we cannot deny that we interactRead MoreMeditations On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn Meditations on First Philosophy, Renà © Descartes philosophies made a substantial advancement in enabling us to understand the world around us by querying many of the Aristotelian doctrines that are still being discussed in philosophy today. He attempts to answer the question; can you fully trust your senses? Descartes uses methodological doubt, which is a process of being skeptical about truths of someone’s belief to revoke from his senses. In Meditation One: Concerning Those Th ings That Can BeRead MoreThe Nature Of The Human Mind878 Words   |  4 PagesRene Descartes second meditation is titled, Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That it is Better Known than the Body. In his second meditation, Descartes argues that the human mind exists merely by itself without any physical representation in the world. This argument lead to many of his later meditations and allowed him to really build the framework for Western Philosophy. The cogent argument is arguably the most crucial argument, which lead us to our philosophy of the mind. In some respect

Outline Of Figueroa s Framework - 1621 Words

Introduce Figueroa’s framework Figueroa’s framework is identified to be a tool used to help investigate the issues surrounding equity, equality in sport and in general physical activity. Figueroa’s framework is constructed over 5 different areas which are all used to investigate ways in which inequities challenge the area of sport and physical activity. All of the levels connect and contribute to shaping the overall joint effect. They show the different functions that reinforce, create, remove and eliminate barriers within a sport. Current status of basketball through PLC The current status of basketball participations throughout PLC in 2015 was that there was almost twice as much junior college playing basketball rather than the†¦show more content†¦I started playing basketball to be with friends and throughout the season started to enjoy and want to do the sport more often. FF that has significant impact on basketball participation at PLC. -All the levels of Figueroa’s framework contribute to basketball participation at Pacific but the main one would have to be the institutional level due to talking about the significance of the schools impact through basketball and one of the major things in the institutional level is school, facilities, rules, religion and community. This is because basketball at Pacific is because of its at a school, location- how its located on the school grounds, facilities- how we’ve got all the facilities at school to do it and these all impact basketball being played at Pacific. Basketball in Australia â€Å"From the three year old playing ‘tot ball’ in Darwin to the 73-year-old playing masters basketball in Victoria, basketball is a game that is accessible to people of all abilities† â€Å"Basketball is one of the top participation sports in the country.† https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/racial_discrimination/whats_the_score/pdf/basketball.pdf Basketball can be played in all different levels starting from grass roots- the amateur and beginners, to the school comps, club

Federal Civil Procedure Free Essays

I. Personal Jurisdiction – in what state can the P sue the D? a. Two step-analysis i. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Civil Procedure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Satisfy a statute AND ii. Satisfy the constitution (due process) b. In Personam Jurisdiction – jurisdiction over person, not property, b/c of some contact b/t D and forum state i. Statutory Analysis 1. Every state has statutes allowing jurisdiction based on domicile, presence instate when served w/ process, and consent (implied or actual). 2. Long-arm statute ( allows jurisdiction over non-residents ii. Constitutional Analysis (International Shoe) 1. Test ( Does D have â€Å"such minimum contacts w/ the forum so that exercise of jurisdiction does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice† 2. Factors a. Contact – some tie b/t D and forum i. Purposeful Availment – D’s voluntary act 1. i. e. D ships goods into forum state or D uses roads or causes effects in forum state ii. Foreseeability – D would get sued in this forum b. Fairness i. Relatedness – b/t contact and the claim 1. not always necessary to have relatedness if have substantial ties w/ the forum a. i. e. D domiciled there, business there, served w/ process there can be sued in that state under general jurisdiction ii. Convenience – forum ok unless puts D at a severe disadvantage in the litigation iii. State’s interest – provide forum for its citizens TIP: My parents frequently forgot to read childrens’ stories M – minimum contacts P – purposeful availment F – foreseeability F – fairness R – relatedness C – convenience S – state’s interest II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction – in what court? Federal courts only hear two types of cases: diversity of citizenship and federal question a. Diversity of Citizenship Cases i. Citizens of different states 1. Complete diversity rule ( no diversity if ANY P is a citizen of the same state as any D, at the time the case is filed 2. Citizenship a. Human – can only have one place of citizenship i. Domicile – 1. presence instate AND 2. subjective intent to make permanent home b. Corporation – can have more than one place of citizenship i. State where incorporated AND ii. One state principal place of business 1. Only one PPB a. Headquarters OR i. Most use this to designate unless all activity is in one state b. Most production or service activity c. Un-incorporated associations i. Use citizenship of ALL ITS MEMBERS d. Decedents, minors, incompetents i. Look to their citizenship NOT the representative’s citizenship ii. Amount in controversy – good faith allegation the claim in the complaint exceeds $75,000. 00, exclusive of interest and costs 1. Aggregation – adding together two or more claims to meet amount in controversy requirement a. Need one P and one D b. Joint tortfeasors – use total value of claim, irrelevant of the # of parties 2. Equitable Relief – if either test met, then it’s OK a. P’s viewpoint: does injunction cover loss of value by more than $75k? OR b. D’s viewpoint: would it cost D more than $75k to comply w/ the injunction b. Federal Question – claim â€Å"arises under† federal law c. Supplemental Jurisdiction – no federal jurisdiction b/c no diversity or FQ, BUT may still be able to get into federal court i. Test 1. common nucleus of operative fact – arise out of same transaction or occurrence as underlying claim ii. Limitation 1. can not use to overcome lack of diversity in a diversity of citizenship case BUT 2. Can use to overcome lack of diversity in a FQ case 3. Can use to overcome amount in controversy in diversity cases d. Removal – allows D’s to have case filed in state court â€Å"removed† to federal court i. What cases? – if case could be heard in federal court ii. Where? – ONLY to the federal district court embracing the state court iii. When? – no later than 30 days after service of the first removable document e. Erie Doctrine III. Venue IV. Service of Process V. Pleadings VI. Joinder of Parties VII. Discovery VIII. Pretrial Adjudication IX. Conferences and Meetings X. Trial, Judgment and Post-trial Motions XI. Appeal XII. Claim and Issue Preclusion How to cite Federal Civil Procedure, Papers

Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories Essay Example For Students

Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories Essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories about the fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes have been popular since they first appeared in 1886. Explore the reasons behind this enduring popularity. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle produced a detective in Sherlock Holmes who was perfect in almost every way. His stories have become known across the globe since they first appeared in 1887 with A Study in Scarlet which was published in Beetons Christmas Annual. \i \i0 Despite the changing times Sherlock Holmes has survived and is as popular today as it was then. There are many reasons for this enduring popularity; I am going to explore just a few. \par In the nineteenth century there was a crisis in religious faith when Charles Darwin came up with the idea that humans evolved from a lesser species, the apes. This frightened many people who had been very religious throughout their lives. The idea undermined the whole religious background and challenged peoples faith in God. This left a place like London in turmoil, people did not know what to do or who to believe. Conan Doyle refers to it as a Dense swarm of humanity. With London being such an\i \i0 uncontrollable place at the time, many people turned to Sherlock Holmes stories as a person who could restore order to this place which had no order. This contributed at the time and nowadays to his popularity in an enormous way. \par In Victorian times people became very intrigued by the new science of psyco-analysis which was then practised by Sigmund Freud. This was coincidently one of Sherlock Holmes many characteristics. Holmes was a bit like Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. On one side there was a very respectable west-end bachelor of high intelligence and a refined taste, he is a perfect gentleman. There is an example of this in, The Speckled Bands when he is speaking to Helen Stoner, he refers to her as madam and then invites her to draw up to the fire and have a hot cup of coffee. However, Holmes only this one side to him then that would to unbelievable and the majority of people wouldnt accept him. He does flirt with the dark side every now and again like he does in The Man With the Twisted Lip. Here, he is found in an opium den by Watson: And there sitting by the fire was none other than Sherlock Holmes. He is disguised as an old opium addict and he is very deceptive as he tricked Watson. Holmes states that he is not an opium addict but reveals to the reader that he has cocaine injections on p. 189, You imagine that I have added opium smoking to my cucaine injections. This shows that this is what he expects Watson to think as he knows him so well. This flaw tells you that Sherlock Holmes is human and that he is not perfect. This lets the reader relate to him.